This book includes research and designs that emerged from studios taught at Yale by Makram El Kadi with Ziad Jamaleddine of New York and Beirut-based architectural practice L.E.FT; Tom Coward, Daisy Froud, Vincent Lacovara, and Geoff Shearcroft of the London-based practice AOC; and Hern©Łn D©Ưaz Alonso of Los Angeles-based Xefirotarch. Student projects explored how cultural identity of tradtional and known building types may be synthesized with new programs in order to better address the changing needs of the 21st century public